a. Reference

Beichao wushi cidian 北朝五史辭典  [Dictionary of the Five Histories of the Northern Dynasties] , 2 vols., ed. Jian Xiuwei  簡修煒. Jinan: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000.  Dictionary of people, places and terms in the Bei shi, Wei shu, Bei Zhou shu, Bei Qi shu, and Sui shu.

Jia Yiken 贾衣肯。  “Xiongnu xi qian wenti yanjiu zong shu (shang)" 匈奴西迁问题研究综述(上) [ Overview of Studies on the Westward Migration of the Xiongnu, Part  1].  Zhongguo shi yanjiu dongtai  中国史研究动态 2006.9:  11-19; Part 2, Zhongguo shi yanjiu dongtai  中国史研究动态 2006.10: 11-16.  Part  1 covers studies in Western languages and Russian and Japanese; part 2 discusses studies in Chinese.

Jin shu cidian 晉書辤典 [Jin History Dictionary], ed. Liu Naihe 劉乃和.  Jinan: Shandong jiao yu chuban she, 2001. Dictionary of names, places and terms in the Jin shu.

Wuyun Gaowa 烏云高娃 and Liu Zhong yu 刘中玉.  "2003-2005 nian beifang minzu shi yanjiu zongshu"  2003-2005  年北方民族史研究动态综述 [Overview of Studies on the History of Northern Nationalities, 2003-2005],  Zhongguo shi yanjiu dongtai  中国史研究动态 2006.4: 2-10.

b. History:

Boodberg, Peter A. Selected Works of  Peter A. Boodberg. Compiled by Alvin P. Cohen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Contains research notes on the peoples and languages of the Sixteen States and translations of biographical information of a number of leading figures from the North.

Dien, Albert. “Civil Service Examinations: Evidence from the Northwest.”  In Scott Pearce, Audrey Spiro, and Patricia Ebrey, eds. Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 99-121.

Honey, David B. The Rise of The Medieval Hsiung-nu : The Biography of Liu Yuan. Papers on Inner Asia, no. 15.  Bloomington, Ind.: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1990.

Kleeman, Terry F. Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millenial Kingdom. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998.  Study of the Cheng-Han state.

Rogers, Michael, trans. The Chronicle of Fu Chien: A Case of Exemplar History. Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations no. 10. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

_______. "Fu Hung and the Rise of the Former Ch'in," Phi Theta Annual 2 (1951):50-78.

_______. "The myth of the Battle of the Fei River (A.D. 383)," TP 54:1/3 (1968):50-72.  Makes the controversial assertion that the Jin shu account of the Battle of the Fei River was overblown by Southern Dynasties historians who wanted to highlight the achievements of Xie An, commander of the Chinese forces, and by the Tang dynasty compilers of  the Jin shu, who presented Fu Jian's (Chien) defeat as a cautionary tale for Emperor Taizong.  This theory was repeated in the author's The Chronicle of Fu Chien (see above).  For another view, see Donald Holzman's review of the latter work in T'oung Pao 57(1971):182-6, and Sun Weiguo 孙卫国. “Fei shui zhi zhan: chu Tang shijiamen de xugou?” 淝水之战:初唐史家们的虚构? Hebei xuekan 河北学刊 2004.1:77-83.  Cf. discussion in David Graff. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. London & New York: Routledge, 2002, 67-9..

_______. The Rise of the Former Ch'in State and Its Spread under Fu Chien, through 370 A.D. Based on Chin shu 113. (Translation Jin shu 113). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953.

Mather, Richard, tr. Biography of Lü Kuang. Chinese Dynastic History Translations, no. 7. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959. Translation, with introduction, of biography of Lü Kuang, founder of Later Liang,  from Jin shu 122.

Mullie, Josef L.M. "A la recherche de Ki-Tch'eng la Capitale des Mou-Joung," Central Asiatic Journal 15:4 (May 1972):284-8.

Schreiber, Gerhard. "The history of the Former Yen dynasty (285-370)," MS 14 (1949-55):374-480 and 15 (1956):1-141.

c. Literature

Historiography

Jin shu:

Fang Xuanling 房玄齡 (578–648) et al. Jin shu 晉書 [Jin History]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974.  The Sixteen States are covered in the zai ji 載記 section, which comprises the last thirty chapters of the Jin shu.

Translations and studies:

Boodberg, Peter A. Selected Works of Peter A. Boodberg. Compiled by Alvin P. Cohen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.  Contains translations of biographical information of a number of leading figures from the North.

Honey, David B. "History and Historiography on the Sixteen States: Some T'ang Topoi on the Nomads." Journal of Asian History 24:2 (Fall 1990):161-217.

Ichiki Hiroshi 市来弘志. “Chūgoku ni okeru ‘Hi sui no sen ronsō’ ni tsuite” 中国における<淝水之戦論争>について, Gakushūin daigaku kenkyū nenpō: bungakubu 学習院大学: 研究年報 42 (1995):47-63. Good summary of the historiographical debate in the PRC on the Fei River Battle.

Kleeman, Terry F. Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millenial Kingdom. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998. Translates portions of the zai ji chapters pertaining to the rulers of the Cheng-Han state.

Mather, Richard B., trans. Biography of Lu Kuang. (Translation of Jin Shu `122). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959.

Rogers, Michael, trans. The Chronicle of Fu Chien: A Case of Exemplar History. Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations no. 10. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.  A meticulously researched study that offers the controversail conclusion that the compilers of the Jin shu presented the disasterous of Fu Jian (Fu Chien) as a cautionary tale to discourage the Tang emperor from undertaking an invasion of Korea. For a counterview, see Donald Holzman's review in TP 57 (1971):182-6 and Sun Weiguo 孙卫国. “Fei shui zhi zhan: chu Tang shijiamen de xugou?” 淝水之战:初唐史家们的虚构? Hebei xuekan 河北学刊 2004.1:77-83.  Cf. discussion in David Graff. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. London & New York: Routledge, 2002, 67-9.

_______. “The Myth of the Battle of the Fei River (A.D. 383).” TP 54.1-3(1968).

_______. The Rise of the Former Ch'in State and Its Spread under Fu Chien, through 370 A.D. Based on Chin shu 113.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953. 

d.  Society

Holmgren, Jennifer. "Social Mobility in the Northern Dynasties: a Case Study of the Feng of Northern Yen." MS  35 (1981-83): 19-32.

e . Art and Archeology

Soper, Alexander C. "Northern Liang and Northern Wei in Kansu," Artibus Asiae 21 (1958):131-64.